Coastal Security Of India And The Gom Recommendations International - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3544 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Tags: India Essay Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION If the world were to sit up and take note of terrorism on land, it must now stand to, to use a naval phrase, and prepare itself for possible terrorist acts at sea. The task will not be easy because of the nature of the maritimae domain or the theatre where acts of maritime terrorism will be perpetrated. Adm Madhvendra Singh  [1] 1. As the smoke billowing from hotel Taj in South Mumbai grabbed the attention of every news channel on 26 Nov 08  [2]  , a country of 100 billion watched helplessly the shocking reality of the porous coastal security of Indian state, the only country in the world to have an ocean named after it . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Coastal Security Of India And The Gom Recommendations International" essay for you Create order During his assignment at Mumbai, the author had been allotted a house in the naval officers enclave overlooking the Arabian sea on one side and the busy lanes of Colaba and Cuffe Parade on the other. Mumbai_attack Figure : Attack on Hotel Taj The horrid scenes of that fateful night would return to haunt every morning as the dome of hotel Taj, a symbol of majestic aura and regal legacy, visible at a distant landscape would usher the memories flooding back. Although a thesis or a dissertation requires an objective research, devoid of any emotional overtones, many a time the author could not help such occurrences. It may not find favour with the norms of writing a dissertation as described by Dr Gopalji Malviya  [3]  however, it did add to the pursuit of the subject with passion and enthusiasm. Coastal Security 2. Coastal security, a major subset of an all encompassing subject of maritime security, has been on the centre stage, post terror attack on Mumbai on 26 Nov 08. India, being a maritime state, has numerous interests in the maritime zones and safeguarding these interests, has thrown up fresh challenges in the fast deteriorating security environment. 3. The use of sea route by terrorists for attack at Mumbai has highlighted the vulnerability of our coastline and the lacunae in our existing security mechanism  [4]  . The sphere of activities in the maritime environment is vast and thus, a number of agencies which include Indian Navy, Coast Guard, State Marine Police, Customs, fisheries, port authorities and other central and state departments, are the stake holders in the maritime domain. This multi agency environment requires co-operation, co-ordination and understanding of each others strengths as well as limitations, to ensure fool proof security by optimum exploitation of l imited resources. The vulnerability of Indian coastal set up had been exposed earlier in the 1993 Mumbai blasts when the explosives had found their way into a desolate landing spot in Raigad coast. Only this time, it was not a wakeup call but a slap on the face of intelligence and security agencies.  [5] Kasab101terrorists Figure : Terrorists from Pakistan Post Kargil, the government of India had set up a committee of Group of Ministers (GoM) for reviewing the national security setup and the GoM recommendations were approved by the government in Oct 2001  [6]  . The issue of coastal security was adequately addressed by the GoM. What caused this colossal breach of security is an entirely different subject for study, but a visit to the Kargil Review Committee (KRC) would be in order. GoM Recommendations Figure : Coastal Security Scheme4. Coastal Security Scheme(CSS). In pursuance of the recommendations of the Group of Ministers  [7]  , MHA formulated policy for setting up of marine police stations in the coastal states and Union Territories  [8]  . The objective of the Coastal Security Scheme was to strengthen the infrastructure for patrolling and surveillance of coastal areas, particularly shallow areas close to the coast which hitherto have remained largely un-policed. On the recommendations of the GoM, various actions were initiated by the government which included the following:- India_coastal_security_scheme (a) Activation of Border Management (BM) division in MHA. (b) Setting up of 10 Coast Guard stations along the coastline to beef up coastal security. These Coast Guard stations are to be funded by the border management division of MHA under the coastal security scheme. (c) Procurement of 16 IBs for coastal security. (d) Setting up coastal radar chain al l along the mainland coastline. (e) Setting up of Marine Police in all the coastal states and island territories. 5. GoM also recommended certain measures for enhancing the coastal security and the security of Indian ports. Some of these recommendations include the following:- (a) A Vessel Traffic Management System (VTMS) to be installed in approaches to ports and channels to effectively monitor and control movements of ships entering / leaving ports or channels. In principle, VTMS should be installed in all major ports and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. In addition, the proposal for VTMS schemes for the Gulf of Kutch and offshore oil platforms should be expedited. (b) The issue and accounting procedures of the customs / immigration should be made more stringent so that the same cannot be circumvented after persons issued with it have been deported. The Customs/Immigration facilities at minor ports also be strengthened. (c) Necessary instructions need to be issued by DG , Shipping on the subject of Seamans Cards. The cards should be made tamper-proof, affixed with a photo and laminated. (d) The laws and procedures relating to detention and prosecution of poachers and confiscation of boats need to be tightened. The concerned Ministries/Departments of the Government of India should consider setting up Maritime Courts or alternatively, giving powers of prosecution and detention to the Coast Guard and to the proposed Marine Police. METHODOLOGY Statement of the Problem 6. To analyse the Indian Coastal Security model and identify the capabilities required for a credible and effective force to counter threats with comparative analysis of the US prototype and the international experience. Justification of the Study 7. Due to its geographical position, India has had a land-oriented defence philosophy for many centuries, dictated partially by the fact that before the European period, which resulted in colonisation of India, all invasions had come over land from the West. The wars fought by India post-independence, to a large extent, have been land-centric though an increasingly important role played by the navy was also witnessed. The last two decades have seen an increase in the activities and presence of powerful nations in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) underlining the importance of a credible naval force to counter the seaward threat to India  [9]  . 8. The events in the past few decades, in India and world-wide, clearly indicate that the maritime boundaries of any nation are within the reach of not only neighbouring states but also terrorist organisations and non-state actors  [10]  . To address the rising asymmetric threat, there exists an urgent need to analyse the threat to In dias national security from seaborne asymmetric attacks with emphasis on the protection of critical coastal infrastructure including VAs/VPs and analyse the capabilities existing or required to counter such threats. Post 26/11, the responsibility for security of the nation against external aggression from the sea involving smaller vessels and asymmetric attacks, has also shifted to the Indian Navy, in conjunction with Indian Coast Guard. As the Navy comes to terms with her newfound responsibility closer to the coast, it requires a change of mindset and a shift of focus from a blue-water navy, to one, additionally capable of carrying out effective constabulary operations in the brown-waters. Scope 10. The aim of the dissertation is to identify the challenges faced by the nation to counter the threat to coastal security from seaborne asymmetric attacks and recommend suitable remedial measures. The analysis of US prototype as well as international experience and relevance in Indian context will be carried out to chart the way ahead. Hypothesis 11. The present capability of Indias security forces, including their associated infrastructure and inter-agency coordination, needs augmentation as well as revival to effectively counter the threat from seaborne asymmetric attacks. Methods of Data Collection 12. The main sources of the dissertation are the books relevant to maritime affairs and articles, reports and essays published in various reputed publications and articles available in discussion forums on the internet. In addition survey method and questionnaire as well as interview of stakeholders in the present coastal security setup would be carried out. Organisation of the Dissertation 13. The subject is intended to be studied under the following heads: (a) Chapter I Introduction and Methodology. (b) Chapter II Existing Indian Model. (c) Chapter III Concepts of Coastal Security in the USA. (d) Chapter IV -.International Experience (e) Chapter V Indias Coastal Security Challenges and Vulnerabilities (f) Chapter VI Present Status and Recommendations.. CHAPTER II IMPERATIVES FOR COASTAL SECURITY AND CHALLENGES OF INDIAN SETUP In conjointly fighting terrorism, we ought to make it loud and clear that no idea, no cause whatsoever, can justify terrorism. Questions like good or bad terrorism should not be entertained for such distinctions are coloured and tainted by bias, prejudice and narrow thinking. Terrorists belong to no religion for they are not apostles of peace but messengers of death and destruction. HE Shrimati Pratibha Devisingh Patil, President of India Securing Indian Maritime Borders Geo-Strategic Location of India. Sitting astride the busy shipping lanes, the so called arteries of the global trade,India is the second largest in the Indian Ocean region, after Australia. With a coastline of 7516 km,  [11]  the Indian peninsula extends 1,240 miles into the Indian Ocean. A fact file about the maritime profile of India with relevant details is placed at Appendix A. India has an EEZ of 2.02 million square kilometres, which is equivalent to 61% of the landmass; which is expected to go up to almost 3 million sq km after the delimitation of the continental shelf.  [12] Figure : Salient Maritime Facts Indian Influence in IOR. The steady rise of India as a result of the extensive reforms and economic growth in the range of eight to nine percent per annum has set the stage for economic, political and security engagement amongst the IOR countries. With the emergence of Indian and Chinese influence in the region ,the Indian Ocean is projected to match the Pacifi c in geo-strategic importance.  [13]  Keeping these realities in mind, the Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS), was initiated by Indian Navy in 2008. This has provided a regional forum through which the Navies of the littoral states of IOR can meet periodically and engage one another constructively through the creation and promotion of regionally relevant mechanisms, events and activities. With the security environment engulfing the seascape with threats of maritime terrorism, the role for India has assumed greater significance. WORLD PHYSICAL Drivers for Coastal Security Defence of Outlying Island Territory. A vast number of island territories stretch across the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. Some of these, in the Nicobar group, are in fact, geographically closer to Indonesia and Malaysia than to the Indian mainland  [14]  . This extended coastline requires adequate policing and surveillance. At sea, unlike on the land border, outposts or fences cannot be erected. Offshore Assets. India has a vast EEZ and the offshore sector contributes nearly 65% and 70% of Indias crude oil and natural gas products respectively  [15]  . Most of the hydrocarbon industry is located close to their offshore oil installations. It is therefore obvious that all these assets are extremely vulnerable to attacks from the sea. C:Documents and SettingsMCM GENERALDesktop15233030ongc.jpg Figure : Concern for Offshore Installations Shipping and Trade. Today 95% of the world trade is carried out by sea. Handling of trade depends, largely on the port infras tructure. India has 13 major, 185 intermediate and minor ports which handle 170 million tonnes of cargo  [16]  . Of this, a mere ten percent utilises coastal shipping and the rest is overseas, with more than a 100 ships passing through Indias area of interest each day. Fishing. The worlds fishing catch is about 100 million tonnes per annum. Of this about ten million tonnes takes place in the Indian Ocean. It is estimated that Indias EEZ has a sustainable potential of over 40 million tonnes, which is four times more than her catch today. Cross Border Movements. The fishing hamlets close to the IMBL and the most volatile trespassing zone off Sir Creek area share an interesting fact. A prized catch in these waters is of Lal Pari, the red snapper fish, considered a delicacy that breeds in the confluence of fresh water of Indus meeting the saline water of Arabian sea. It is perhaps the lure of this prize catch that draws the fishermen to disregard IMBL restrictions. A large num ber of Indian fishing boats have been apprehended by Pak MSA. The use of any of these captured boats to infiltrate across the IMBL can not be ruled out. The details of 419 boats in Pak custody obtained from Fisheries department are placed at Appendix B.  [17] Figure : A Prized Catch of Red Snapper Seabed Mining. The thirst for oil and hunger of industry for raw materials, minerals has rendered oceans a huge repository of resources. India , a pioneer state for the exploitation of sea bed resources has been allocated 15 million square kilometres in the central Indian Ocean for exploitation of resources. Need for coastal security. The IOR is home to nations, diverse in terms of geography, history and economy. Religion, ideologies and political systems are key triggering aspects in this region. Sensitive installations along the coast such as BARC in Mumbai, Kalpakkam nuclear power plant in Chennai, Mumbai High offshore oil facility, Chandipur-at-sea missile testing range in O rissa and the Equatorial Rocket Launching Station at Thumba and Goa Shipyard are believed to be in the targeting list of terrorists.  [18]  Thus, the Indian Coast today is being exploited by terrorists for influencing the terror on land and to attack high value targets for political impact and to spread terror amongst the population. There is, therefore, an urgent need to address the coastal security challenges and vulnerabilities to evolve a policy of cooperative engagement, not only within the country, but also in the region to arrive at strategic options in prosecuting these threats. MARITIME VULNERABILITIES Maritime Threats. The IOR will remain a hotbed of interests, as the epicentre of world politics and concerns for decades, owing to its immense strategic importance and economic significance. From conventional naval confrontation, sneak terrorist attacks, hostage-takings, hijacking oil tankers, deliberate pollution of the coast, smuggling of weapons, narcotics, raw material for chemical and biological warfare to suicide attacks on ships at sea or anchor, Indias maritime threats are indeed varied. Porous Coastline. Unlike the land border, there are no outposts or fences at sea. Operation Water Rat by CNN IBN for example, had exposed the glaring loopholes in 2006 in the coastal security setup. The 26 Nov 08 assault on Indias commercial capital has stripped the nation out of complacency and exposed the fragile Indian coastal security architecture. A porous coastline, touching nine states and four union territories, 13 major and 185 minor ports, and a vast EEZ is proving to be diffi cult to patrol.  [19] Uninhabited Islands. Nearly 1,200 uninhabited islands in our seas pose a major security threat as these are being scanned by terror outfits. Although the vulnerability of these islands has been discussed in every high-level meeting, not many in the security establishment are sure whether these uninhabited tracts are actually free from jihadi elements. Sea Borne Attack. Seasoned naval observers had foreseen a terrorist attack from the sea. Vice Admiral Arun Kumar Singh (Retd) had predicted a seaborne terrorist attack on India in his newspaper column on 18 May 08. He had argued that there was substance in the Intelligence Bureaus (IB) assessment that terrorists were planning seaborne attacks against dozens of oil rigs, including production and support platforms, along Indias coast  [20]  . Yet, not enough was done to prevent such an attack. Gun Running. Smuggling of narcotics and gun-running generates huge amounts of money that fuels terrorism amon gst other things. The arms supply for the LTTE movement was funnelled through in this manner across the Bay of Bengal. Many such vessels have been apprehended or neutralised over the years of LTTEs existence, but the Sea-tigers of the LTTE had amply demonstrated that the coasts could prove easy ingress points despite substantial patrolling  [21]  . Given her history, demographics and pluralistic society, India is especially vulnerable to similar targeting by similar non-state actors. Clearly, it is necessary to take issues of maritime security far more seriously than has been done thus far. Fishing Boats. The fishermen go where there is fish. They routinely cross across virtual boundaries, for example, in the Palk Bay, 300 to 500 Indian fishing boats cross over to the Sri Lankan side and return the next day after fishing. Similarly the Sri Lankan boats cross over into the Indian side of the IMBL in the Gulf of Mannar. A couple of patrolling IN and ICG ships in addition to Sri Lankan warships are unable to counter such large numbers despite concerted efforts because of the sheer numbers. Picture a010.jpgfishing Offshore Platforms. Offshore platforms engaged in exploitation of oil and gas are quite vulnerable to clandestine attack. The only security being provided is, by slow hired fishing boats/ trawlers to prevent unauthorised vessels from closing the platforms to less than 500 meters. The offshore infrastructure of India presently consists of more than 25 Process platforms, 125 Well platforms and more than 3000 km of pipeline on the seabed. The existing area where production is going on is more than 17,000 sq nm. Any disruption in oil production can have a snowballing effect on the nations economy. Hence, it is incumbent that adequate maritime forces/ resources be provided to strengthen the security of these National assets. Underwater warfare. Underwater Warfare suits terrorist requirements of low technology and unconventional means to challe nge a superior force. The capture of Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri,  [22]  the alleged mastermind of Al Qaedas nautical strategy has revealed that Al Qaeda would use small submersible, underwater motor-propelled sleds that divers use and human torpedoes to carry out underwater attacks. Another form of dangerous underwater warfare is mines, which are well suited for deployment in coastal waters.  [23]  This threat raises questions about underwater security, which has been overlooked time and again. Port Security. The Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) and private security organisations manage the security of various Indian ports. The ports at Kandla and Mundra in Gujarat jointly handle the largest chunk of export-import cargo in the country. With Mundra being the first port of call for any ship coming from Pakistan it is highly prone to terrorist attacks. While the security personnel employed at Mundra are ex-army, they are not permitted to use firearms. The ICG and Marine police are constantly patrolling these areas but they lack equipment and boats for any effective security.  [24]  Most of the ports and harbours in India suffer a similar, pathetic state of security infrastructure and are highly vulnerable. Port security at our ports, large or small, is inadequate to say the least. Threat from Containers. The transportation of cargo these days is mainly by shipping it in containers. The officials at the Indian ports have neither the means of knowing the contents of the numerous containers that transit in and out of our ports, nor is there a mechanism in place to scan these containers on arrival. An American led Container Security Initiative(CSI), which would make it mandatory for containers to be scanned, has not received acceptance by India because apparently the Left parties saw it as an effort to subvert our sovereignty. Almost anything can be carried in containers including narcotics, arms and explosives, including migrant stowaways. Whi le the CSI caters for containers headed towards the US, this could well be universally implemented. Indias stance on CSI may need a relook. Narcotics Trade. Iran and Pakistan form a major portion of the drug-infested golden crescent, while Myanmar and Thailand constitute a major portion of the golden triangle. As all these states are in the IOR, it is natural that drug trafficking is a major security concern for littoral states like India, which has witnessed its own emergence as a transit point for a majority of the drugs that emanate from these two areas.  [25]  The sea is a huge expanse where hundreds of boats are encountered and it is next to impossible to completely scan this traffic. Though effective coastal surveillance is required; the complete physical barricading of the coast is impossible, invariably leaving the coast porous.  [26] Flag of Convenience (FOC) Shipping. The presence of vessels flying Flags of Convenience poses different challenges at sea. These v essels are characterised by low safety standards and lax manning regulations.  [27]  Such ships are considered the safest bet for carrying out terrorist-related activities. The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE),  [28]  for example, had an entire flotilla engaged in dubious maritime trade. The worlds largest merchant shipping fleet ostensibly belongs on paper to three lesser known countries, Panama, Honduras and Liberia. Intelligence. To be able to act decisively it is necessary to have what was termed by Admiral Suresh Mehta (Retd) as Actionable Intelligence. The external intelligence agency- Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), the internal agency- Intelligence Bureau (IB) need to share specific, actionable and effective intelligence. This has been a serious lacuna, at least partially attributable to turf wars. Incidentally, the CIA had provided two warnings of a possible attack on targets in Mumbai which were frequented by foreigners.  [29]  Often, vital intellig ence gets camouflaged in the undecipherable maze of bureaucratic procedures. To say that cohesion between various agencies leaves a lot to be desired would be an understatement. End Notes

Police Chief August Vollmer s Contributions Of Modern...

Police Chief August Vollmer’s Contributions to Modern California Law Enforcement With the on-going development of the United States throughout the 1900’s, the evolution of crime and the need to address it also continued to progress. New advances in technological equipment (and application) continued to spread throughout the country in all common areas of life. New ideas about crime and the way to successfully address would also need to take shape. August Vollmer was one of the key individuals that helped to develop and form the progress of the criminal justice system as we know it today (Wilson, 1953, p.97-100). August Vollmer was elected to the position of Marshal in the town of Berkeley at on April 10, 1905, and was later elected as the first Berkeley police chief on August 13, 1909 (Wilson, 1953, p.94). During his time at Berkeley, Vollmer utilized numerous methods for applying known, as well as new strategies in his police operations (Wilson, 1953, p.97). It h as been widely recognized that August Vollmer has greatly contributed many different implementations of original training, techniques, and putting into practice the use of new technological equipment that has helped improve the criminal justice system not only in California but throughout the United States (Wilson, 1953, p.100-103). What are some of the ways Vollmer has contributed to the development of modern California law enforcement? Police Operations To begin to address any problem or issue, itShow MoreRelatedInfluence of Vollmer and Wilson on Modern Law Enforcement1663 Words   |  7 Pagescrime prevention, authority, professionalism and discretion have evolved in modern law enforcement since the twentieth century. August Vollmer instituted university training as a tool for young officers in training and under Vollmer’s teachings; O.W. Wilson pioneered the use of advanced training for officers and is also known for the start of criminal justice as an academic field. Wilson was also instrumental in applying modern management and administrative techniques to policing. Vollmer’s drive forRead MoreThe Father Of Modern Police Administration1296 Words   |  6 PagesBiological Sketch August Vollmer Many persons are familiar with the story of policing in regards to its British origins involving Sir Robert Peel. However, very few are acquainted with the story of August Vollmer, who is hailed as the father of modern police administration in the United States. Vollmer, a pioneer of the criminal justice system, revolutionized policing by providing the foundations to the practices that we see today. August Vollmer was born on March 7th, 1876 in New Orleans, the sonRead MoreEssay on Analysis of Corruption in Law Enforcement2961 Words   |  12 PagesCorruption in law enforcement has been a nationwide problem for many years. Not only is corruption held in one level of law enforcement, but throughout the three levels including the state, local and federal. The formation of the first police departments were the model by the early english society. The early years of policing began to contribute various forms of misconduct from police officers. Soon thereafter, Sir Robert peel established early modern policing which influenced the colonial americaRead More Trends In Policing Essay2326 Words   |  10 Pagesthe laws of our society. Of course the way they do this today had undergone changes from the first police forces of early America, law enforcement has seen trends come and go. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Law enforcement is divided into three major eras throughout history. These eras are the political era, the reform era and the community era. The political era that took place between 1840-1930 was characterized by five points, which was the authority was coming from politicians and the law, a broad

Criminology Midterm free essay sample

Anytown’s Department of Job and Family Services’ implemented a new policy stating that â€Å"any household that has one or more documented offense of domestic violence, child abuse, or drug or alcohol related offenses committed by the mother, father, guardian, and/or caregiver, will result in the removal of any child or children from the home. In addition to the removal of a child, â€Å"the child will be placed in the care of the state, or foster care services, until documentation can prove that the offender has undergone any or all of the following, and has thus been â€Å"offense free† for a period of no less than six months: alcohol and /or drug treatment, counseling, family therapy sessions, mental health treatment, anger management, life skills classes, and/or parenting classes. † I have to say that I strongly oppose the majority of the policy. Firstly, I see many ethical and moral dilemmas. Secondly, I believe this policy will have an immediate negative impact on the children, as well as an ultimately destructive effect on criminality in the future. Lastly, while I do feel that the Department of Job and Family Services interpreted the social learning theory properly, I do not feel, however, that they applied it properly when implementing the policy. I question this policy for that a number of moral and ethical issues come to mind when I think of this new policy. This policy seems to be that of one that too quickly jumps to conclusions as well as judgments.Which brings up questions such as who determines that a child is in danger? What constitutes endangerment in the government’s eyes? How is it decided that the state is better suited to raise my child? Someone has to inform the state that an issue exists within a household. Sometimes it is a police officer that responded to a dispute. Sometimes it’s a concerned neighbor. Other times it’s another family member or friend of the family. The point I’m getting at is that while many times there is real danger, a lot of times it is a simple case of misunderstanding or even a false claim.The case should be well investigated before a decision to remove a child is made. I do not think I have enough faith in the ability of the Department of Jobs and Family Services to thoroughly investigate an issue for me to be open to the new policy. This policy, in my opinion, is intrusive and allows the government to insinuate itself into a citizen’s life, home, and family. Americans embrace their freedoms and rights from fear of oppression from the government. This means that American people should not have to be afraid that the government will take a child away from his/her family, because of one infraction or mistake.In my opinion, one offe`nse does not seem substantial enough evidence in deciding that a child should be ripped away from his/her family. There are many occasions when a nosey neighbor perceives something they saw as abuse or neglect, when in reality it was not. In criminal cases, citizens have the right to due process, as well as the right to be considered innocent until proven guilty. I do not see a fair system here. Are the people who are deciding the fate of a child and family really qualified enough to make such a momentous decision?If the government decides that they can raise your child better than you, then where does it end? The idea borders too much on the side of a totalitarianism government. Another issue I have with this policy is that one of the â€Å"offenses† refers to that of alcohol. Alcohol is legal. So tell me how the government can decide to take someone’s child away for something that it deems legal. It is a much bigger pill to swallow for average citizens, when a contradiction such as this exists in any new policy.It’s like telling someone to look but not touch, touch but do not taste, taste but do not swallow, swallow but do not enjoy. I do agree that alcohol abuse is an endangerment in a household. I just do not agree with using something that is legal as a justification for such an audacious policy. Any policy such as this one will always have an impact on children and their families as well as the criminality of the country; whether it is immediate or eventual. It is my opinion that, for the most part, foster care is actually regressive rather than progressive. According to a 2007 study done by MIT’s Joseph Doyle Jr. which looked at outcomes for more than 15,000 children and compared foster children not to the general population but to comparably-maltreated children left in their own homes, the evidence suggested that the children left in their own homes tend to do better. The study showed that â€Å"children left in their own homes are far less likely to become pregnant as teenagers, far less likely to wind up in the juvenile justice system, and far more likely to hold a job for at least three months than comparably maltreated children who were placed in foster care† (Veloso, 2009).Doyle published yet another study the next year. This time he compared 23,000 cases, again foster children to comparably maltreated children left with their families, but looked at which children would be more likely to be arrested as adults. The study again showed that the children left with their families were better off. The children placed in foster care were significantly more likely to become involved in criminal activities as adults. To me, this study shows not only how ineffective foster care is but also how damaging it is. The potential trouble caused by the foster care system begins at home.By removing the child from his/her family, the state is uprooting all that the child knows; away from friends, school, church, any other family, if he/she has any left, etc. Then who does that child have left? There are many times when removal of a child and placement into foster care is very necessary. However, foster care is necessary only in the event that the child is in imminent danger and all other options have been exhausted. If studies show that foster care is actually worse than life at home, would it not be more pertinent to keep the family together to try and work things out?After removing the child from his/her family, the new policy suggests that the children stay in state custody until the pa rents â€Å"prove that (they) have undergone any or all of the following, and has thus been â€Å"offense free† for a period of no less than six months: alcohol and/or drug treatment, counseling, family therapy sessions, mental health treatment, anger management, life skills classes, and/or parenting classes. † I fully agree that parents should complete these programs. However, I believe that the family as a whole should complete these programs together, not as separate individuals.I firmly believe that a problem should be worked on from the inside out, not the outside in. Anytown’s policy to use foster care as a first resort takes away the family’s chance to do so, which in turn takes away their ability to heal as a family. Another thing I fear is that this policy has the potential to actually increase the crime rate. The research I’ve done shows that putting a child into the foster care system could actually increase his/her chance of becoming involved in crime. In terms of crime, it’s like trading in a knife for a gun. Based on the studies performed by Doyle, implementing a policy that increases the use of foster care could produce a greater population of young offenders. This, in turn, would create a vicious cycle of creating generations with more and more criminals. The children placed into the foster care system, will one day grow to be adults, many more than previous becoming involved in crime. These criminalistics adults that were raised in the system will produce children of their own. Due to the new policy, the children of these criminals, who are a product of the policy, will likely be placed into foster care as well.Thus, repeating the cycle. Increasing the use of the removal of children, in my opinion, only increases the number potential criminals. If it is true that children learn abuse from their environment, and studies show that foster care is a worse environment, why increase its usage? Anytown cites the social learning theory as their basis for implementing this one offense/zero-tolerance type policy. â€Å"Social learning theorists argue that people are not born with the ability to act violently; rather, they learn to be aggressive through their life experiences† (Siegel, 2007, p. 21). In my opinion, the Department of Job and Family Services interpreted the theory properly. It is very possible that children are a product of their environment. Under the social learning theory, â€Å"people learn to act aggressively when, as children, they model their behavior after the violent acts of adults. Later in life, these violent behavior patterns persist in social relationships† (Siegel, 2007, p. 121).As said earlier, foster care should not be the first response to a problem at home, for it does not give families a chance to work issues out and the increase of its use would create an influx of potential criminals. If the social learning theory is correct, Anytown was right to suggest that something needed to be done. However, their policy is way off base in its goal to indeed do something. Their policy is counterproductive and actually produces an outcome that is contradictory to their overall goal.Just because a theory suggests that a child has a greater potential of becoming involved in crime when maltreated, just simply removing that child is not going to work. Not to say that there are not cases when a child should be removed for his/her own safety, but Anytown’s policy seems to want to focus more on preventing children from becoming criminals rather than their safety. In my opinion, Anytown should focus more on helping the family. That is to say that I think that they should help fix the environment that the child is in, for the social learning theory does suggest that it is the environment that is the cause.My point is that a different, and potentially worse, environment is not necessarily the answer. If studies show that families that stay together are better off, then attempts to fix the family while keeping them together should be the answer. In review, Anytown, U. S. A. ’s Department of Job and Family Services, citing the social learning theory as their basis and over concerns about child endangerment issues, implemented a new policy stating that â€Å"Any household that has one or more documented offense of domestic violence, child abuse, or drug or alcohol related offenses committed by the mother, father, uardian, and/or caregiver, will result in the removal of any child or children from the home. † I personally find many moral and ethical issues with this policy, such as the intrusive and unforgiving nature of the â€Å"zero-tolerance† style it comes with. Certain situations are just misunderstandings. In my opinion, the policy seems to judge to quickly and the tearing apart of a family should be taken seriously. I feel a parent should have more of a right to fight to keep his/her child than to keep him/herself out of jail. The Department of Job and Family Services isn’t exactly a court of law either.Not to mention th e fact that the state is more concerned with taking a child away from his/her family in an attempt to reduce future crime, based on the idea that a child is a product of his/her environment. On the contrary though, studies show that children placed in foster care are actually more likely to become involved in crime than children that are comparably maltreated and stay with their families. While I do agree with the Department of Job and Family Services plan to implement such things as parenting classes, family therapy, and alcohol drug rehabilitation, I disagree that the removal of the child is necessary.The family should attempt to heal together and all other options exhausted before foster care should be considered. Finally, regarding the policy being based on the social learning theory, the DJFS is right in its interpretation of the theory, just wrong in applying it to the policy. Overall, I do not agree with Anytown’s attempt to reform child endangerment issues.

Pain And Crevecoeur Essays - Social Psychology, Attitude Change

Pain And Crevecoeur Persuasion is the force exerted to influence behavior that includes a reflected change in attitude. Everyday we are bombarded with messagesfrom people who wish to influence our behavior and attitudes. Persuasion canbe used to accomplish good as well as bad, though, in my paper I willrefrain from making value judgements and only report the factual aspects. I will discuss the two basic routes to persuasion, the elements involved, andways to protect current attitudes and behaviors from change. When trying to persuade someone, there are two different methods from which to choose-the central and peripheral routes. The central route persuades by usingdirect arguments and pertinent information. The peripheral route persuadespeople by association with incidental cues that are pleasing to the senses. The central route is used to reach people who are more motivated and analytical, while people who are less analytical and less involved aremore likely to be influenced by the peripheral route. In advertising a combination of the two is common and effective. Computer ads relyprimarily on the central route, because their target audiences are perceived as highly analytical. Promotion for alcohol and tobacco products employ the peripheral route because they wish to draw attention away from thepossible negative effects that they are, in reality, associated with. To truly understand the effects of persuasion it is necessary to break the actdown to its smaller components. The for elements of persuasion are 1.) The communicator, 2.) The message content, 3.) How it is communicated, and4.) The receiver of the message. The content of the message is important but also whoever gives the message has an effect on people?s acceptance ofit. The major determinant of the communicator?s success are his/herperceived credibility and attractiveness. Credibility, or believability isdetermined by the communicator?s appearance as an expert or as someone who can be trusted. Expertise is established when the communicator is introduced as someone who has a great deal of knowledge concerning the topic of conversation. When the communicator relays viewpoints that areidentical to the audience she/he will be perceived as smart. Also, to project animage of expertise it is necessary to speak confidently and withouthesitating. Trustworthiness of the communicator is assumed if direct eye contact is used and speech is rapid. If the speaker is seen as not trying toinfluence or is arguing a position that is against their personal interest theywill be considered trustworthy. An attractive communicator has certain qualities, like physical appeal and similarity, that draw in theaudience. If the arguments of the attractive speaker are more readily accepted, central route persuasion has occurred or if we are persuaded by the unconnected positive association between the communicator and theproduct there has been peripheral route persuasion. When statements are made toa group by someone from the same ethnic background, the group is morewilling to listen. It appears true, the belief that we like people who aresimilar to us- and if we like someone we are more open to their suggestions. The second element of persuasion, the content of the message, deals with the specific type of messages that work best to convince. Emotional messages are most effective on less educated people, while rational appeals tendto score better with analytical or well educated people. Discrepancybetween the message and receiver opinion often effects whether persuasionoccurs. A credible communicator is most effective when arguing an extreme position and someone who is not viewed as credible is best off giving a viewpoint where there is a moderate discrepancy. Communicators must decidewhether to put forth a one-sided or two-sided appeal. One-sided appeals work bestwith those who already agree. Two-sided appeals work best with people who are initially opposed to your idea. Also message acceptance is effected bywhen it is heard and when the argument against that message is heard. Primacy affect states ?Other things being equal, information presented first usually has the most influence.?(1) The primacy effect works only whenboth messages are heard at once, with a period of time passing before responding. In a situation where a message is given followed by alengthy period of time, and then the second message is given, the response is usually to accept the second message. This is recency effect.?Information presented last sometimes has the most influence. Recency effects areless common than primacy effects.?(2) How the message is communicated, thethird element to persuade, stresses the importance of message delivery. ?Communication is the most important and complex thing we do. It canshape our careers, our lives, and our world... You can control the outcome of

An Apple a Day Keeps the Doctor Away free essay sample

He has conducted projects for clients in North and South America, West and Eastern Europe and Asia-Pacific including ABN AMRO Bank, Braun, Brita, De Beers, DuPont, Iams Pet Food, ING Bank, the International Student Travel Confederation, Johnson Johnson, Hallmark Cards, Heineken, KPN Telecom, Mexx, Philips, Randstad, SCA and Sony Music, just to mention a few. His current work consists of advising and assisting his clients in their global and local brand analysis. Having lived, worked and travelled across many continents, his exposure to their great diversity has greatly helped to develop his understanding of and sensitivity to different cultural, motivational, economic, social and competitive issues Preamble Sincerely, there have been many branding books of late, they are just ordinary guide for companies, However, for companies like Emzor pharmaceuticals, willing to look into global brand strategy in depth, Sicco van Gelders Global Brand Strategy: Unlocking Brand Potential across Countries, Cultures and Markets is the only choice. We will write a custom essay sample on An Apple a Day Keeps the Doctor Away or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Van Gelder has frequently distinguished himself with his global and cultural perspectives that are intellectually and intelligently analyzed, with no exception to this book, though not to say that this is an academic text. Global Brand Strategy is firmly founded in the real world, thanks to examples that the author has confronted in his experience, upon which the foundation of this great masterpiece is laid. This book is most importantly at home on the practitioners shelf, with its entire final part (Chapters 9-12) devoted to typical brand issues. Review Firstly, this book deals with organizational issues surrounding brand: a useful start! Considering that an organization must deal with its internal vision first in order to be authentic. The opening chapter is perhaps predictable in dealing with the organization, but the author makes it more welcoming by linking overall corporate strategy to the brand and additionally injects issues of brand legacy (birthright, milestone and role) and the global brand organization. He deals properly with notions of brand personality ( a set of human-like attributes associated with a a particular brand) and identity ( a set aspects that convey what a brand stands for; it background, its principles, its purpose and ambitions) as well as the marketing mix before getting into the bulk of the book. The central part of the book is the most fascinating and where the author excels most. It is particularly vital, considering that brand is what links consumer to organization; van Gelder recognizes this by ably and vertically linking strategy with the external analysis. Dealing with conventions first, three influencing factors: category conventions( usually due to perception), needs conventions( usually due to One’s need) and cultural( usually due to cultural difference) conventions were greatly discussed. By tackling these three, the unseen influences behind taking a brand strategy global uncovered. It is only after dispensing with conventions that the brand domain (brand domain consist of what the brand offer, how the consumer learnt about the brand, where the brand can be obtained and which solution the brand offers the consumer) was discussed, thereby taking the position that the brand perception (the total impression that the consumer have of a brand, based on their exposure to the brand) is the starting-point for branding strategies, not the brand expression. This is briefly argued albeit convincingly so: if marketing managers are meant to understand the consumer and make their work market-orientated, then they need to appreciate the context of those consumers. Brand expression and convention are examined alongside issues such as RD, media and distribution so that the findings may be incorporated into a fuller brand strategy. This expression-and-convention structure is followed by the different types of brands when considering their reputation and the idea of brand affinity, or why consumers feel a kinship to a certain brand. Moving further, brand recognition, another logical element of the external analysis, is discussed with reference to a brands awareness and its level of differentiation, blending an element of brand equity; normally a consequence of a branding exercise with one that normally arises early in a brand strategy. At this stage, one might think that the author has failed to bring the external analysis elements back into the cooking pot, for incorporation into the strategy, but Chapter 9 sorts that matter out. Every chapter to this point is brought into a single application of van Gelders model on how to take a brand global. The finishing chapters as earlier mentioned, discusses typical issues in global branding. Global brand harmonization (synchronizing brands across different geographical areas or company divisions) is dealt with in Chapter 10 with more clarity. Determining conventions in the host countries, whether harmonization creates consumer value, how disparate the brand reputation is in each market, and a solution of making use of lead consumers as a prelude to a harmonization effort all familiar to anyone who has had to work with brands in more than one culture are all discussed here. Finally, brand extensions and brand creation are discussed, with eye on global branding, highlighting the additional complexity that one may encounter when extending in more than one country. Brand creation, while admittedly rarer, is bound to accelerate the successful new global brand has to transcend societal differences. From this book it is obvious that emzor is internally well structured, focused, and doing well as most of the strategies offered by the book are already in practice. However, we need to reposition our external strategy, since consumers are influenced by factors such as perception, we may have to do more to improve on the way our brands are perceived, either by packaging or by advertizing. Also, in order to maintain our current lead, we need to break new frontiers in creating new brand by discovering new products that’s that can give us patency. While we are yet to do this, we can also extend our brands (brand extension) by introducing new brands (e. g sterile products). We already have brands with strong dominance in the Nigeria and some West African markets; we simply need to take these brands outside the continent. All these chapters are filled with real-life examples, many of them familiar to readers, making the text easily absorbed. In my opinion this book provides the most convincing and comprehensive strategy for global brand creation and management. No wonder after reading this book, Simon Anholt called it a â€Å"bible for anyone in the business of creating or managing brands†.

Breastfeeding Nutrition Research Paper

Breastfeeding Nutrition Research Paper Free Online Research Papers Chapter I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND The arrival of an infant surely brings incomparable joy to every family. But how they raise them will play a significant role later when infants become adults and begin to interact in the world around them. Because the family inculcates control and a sense of what is right, upon the arrival of an infant who is then considered to be a new member of the family, decisions have to be made particularly by the mother, and one of which is in terms of how to feed her infant. Any parent or caregiver would want to make sure that their infant is right on track in his physical and mental growth. It is every family’s desire to see their children grow smarter and become a top of their class. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Early childhood nutrition is thought to have important effects on education, broadly defined to include the various forms of learning. A number of previous studies have contributed to the current conventional wisdom about the impact of nutrition on education in developing countries. In the early years of the human species, breastfeeding was as common as it was for other mammals feeding their young. There were no alternative foods for the infants, and the mother, along with other lactating females, would have no choice but to breastfeed their infant. Breastfeeding is the process of a woman feeding an infant or young child with milk produced from her breast, usually directly from the nipples. On the other hand, formula feeding is an industrially produced milk product designed for infant consumption. Usually, based on either cow or soymilk, infant formula strives to duplicate the nutrient content of natural human breast milk. Besides breast milk, infant formula is the only other infant milk which the medical community considers nutritionally acceptable for infants under the age of one year. Many mothers do manage to combine feeding by breast and bottle-this is sometimes known as mixed feeding. Mother’s, who return to work or know they’re going to be separated from their baby for a length of time, may choose to use a combination of breast milk and formula. Some mothers express their breast milk so their baby can continue having breast milk when they’re not together. Evidence suggests that infant feeding practices can have a significant effect in the child’s cognitive development. A study was conducted in Christ church School of Medicine in New Zealand that studied over 1,000 children and during the period from birth to 1 year, they gathered information on how these children were fed. They were then followed to age 18. Over the years, the researchers collected a range of cognitive and academic information on the children, including IQ (intelligent quotient), teacher ratings of school performance in reading and math, and results of standardized tests of reading comprehension, mathematics, and scholastic ability. The researchers also looked at the number of passing grades achieved in national school certificate examinations taken at the end of the third year of high school. The results indicated that the longer children had been breastfed, the higher they scored on such tests. (PEDIATRICS 1998) Formula fed babies, on average, have IQ’s about ten points lower than their breastfed counterparts. This is most likely related to special fatty acids and other components in breastmilk that are known to promote brain cell growth, development of vision and the nervous system. These components are absent in formula (Newman,Solveig 2000) Each chronological age has corresponding developmental tasks, both physical and psychosocial. (Murray,Atkinson 2000) Somewhere around age 7, children begin to acquire the ability to relate a series of happenings to mental representations that can be expressed both verbally and symbolically. (Whaley Wong (1993). This research is to conduct a study among grade 1 pupils to determine if there is a difference between the different infant feeding techniques on their academic performance. What stimulated the mind of the researcher in coming up with the idea of this study is thru someone who is doing well in class and a fellow classmate was wondering what type of milk her mom used to nourish her when she was still an infant. The researchers would like to seek answers based on speculations encountered from different people who were curious to know what is the appropriate feeding technique best suitable to them without compromising the essential nutritional benefit needed for their infant’s welfare. The researcher’s decision to conduct a study on the Grade 1 pupils of Columban College, considering if there’s a difference on the chosen feeding technique in their academic performance. In most countries, formal education begins between age 6 to 7 pupils are socially ready to learn in a structured setting and concrete operational thought processes begins. The concrete operation includes systematic reasons, uses memory to learn broad concepts and subgroups by concepts. School-age children can discover concrete solutions to everyday problems and recognize cause and effect relationships. The researchers chose Columban College primarily because it is a private institution where formers believe that infant feeding techniques encompass all members of society regardless of souci-economic status. Secondly, one of the researchers is an alumnus of the school hence, the cooperation of the school was easily sought and it expressed its interest to participate in study wholeheartedly. This research will promote awareness and serve as a reference to be used for future health teaching especially on the differences of the infant feeding techniques. B. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM This study aims to determine the difference between the different infant feeding techniques and the academic performance of currently enrolled grade 1 pupil of Columban College. Specifically, the researchers aim to answer the following questions: 1. What is the profile of the subjects according to gender? 2. What is the type of infant feeding technique practiced by the primary caregiver of the pupil? 3. What is the difference between the different infant feeding techniques used by the primary caregiver of the pupil and the latter’s academic performance in the current academic year? C. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The result of the study will be significant to the following: FAMILY This will provide awareness regarding the benefits of the various feeding practices especially in the academic performance of their children. RESEARCHERS This study can serve as a starting point which could open the door for further research regarding milk feeding. This is designed to provide learning and discussion about different infant feeding technique. Hence, provide basic tools of knowledge and experience of knowledge and experience that will enable the researcher to provide thoughtful counseling and guidance to the family. This will also serve as a reference for other researchers. NURSING PROFESSION As part of the health care team tasked to provide health teaching to pregnant mothers, this study will provide an evidence-based approach in discussing the salient points of infant feeding practices. COMMUNITY The community will be provided a baseline data for legislation purpose in support and modification of infant feeding programs. Various stakeholders of the community will be provided with information that the academic performance of a child is influenced by their different infant feeding techniques. D. HYPOTHESIS There is no significant difference between the different infant feeding techniques and academic performance. E. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS FIGURE 1 MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS Maslows Hierarchy of Needs states that we must satisfy each need in turn, starting with the first, which deals with the most obvious needs for survival itself. Only when the lower order needs of physical and emotional well-being are satisfied are we concerned with the higher order needs of influence and personal development. Maslows original Hierarchy of Needs model was developed between 1943-1954, and first widely published in Motivation and Personality in 1954. At this time the Hierarchy of Needs model comprised five needs. This original version remains for most people the definitive Hierarchy of Needs. Maslow said that needs must be satisfied in the given order. Aims and drive always shift to next higher order need Maslows Hierarchy of Needs is an excellent model for understanding human motivation, but it is a broad concept. If you are puzzled as to how to relate given behavior to the Hierarchy it could be that your definition of the behavior needs refining. For example, where does doing things for fun fit into the model? The answer is that it cant until you define doing things for fun more accurately. Youd need to define more precisely each given situation where a person is doing things for fun in order to analyze motivation according to Maslows Hierarchy since the fun activity motive can potentially be part any of the five original Maslow needs. Understanding whether striving to achieve a particular need or aim is fun can provide a helpful basis for identifying a Maslow driver within a given behavior, and thereby to assess where a particular behavior fits into the model: Biological health, fitness, energizing mind and body, etc. Safety order, and structure needs met for example by some heavily organized, structural activity Belongingness a team sport, club family and relationships Esteem competition, achievement, recognition Self-Actualization drivers challenge, new experiences, love of art, nature, etc. However in order to relate a particular doing it for fun behavior the Hierarchy of Needs we need to consider what makes it fun (ie rewarding) for the person. If the behaviour is for fun, then consider what makes it fun for the person is the fun rooted in belongingness, or is it from recognition, ie., esteem. Or is the fun at a deeper level, from the sense of self-fulfillment, i.e .self-actualization. Apply this approach to any behavior that doesnt immediately fit the model, and it will help you to see where it does fit. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs will be a blunt instrument if used as such. The way you use the Hierarchy of Needs determines the subtlety and sophistication of the model. For example, the common broad-brush interpretation of Maslows famous theory suggests that that once a need is satisfied the person moves onto the next, and to an extent, this is entirely correct. However an overly rigid application of this interpretation will produce a rigid analysis, and people and motivation are more complex. So while it is broadly true that people move up (or down) the hierarchy, depending whats happening to them in their lives, it is also true that most peoples motivational set at any time comprises elements of all of the motivational drivers. For example, self-actualizers (level 5 original model) are mainly focused on self-actualizing but are still motivated to eat (level 1) and socialize (level 3). Similarly, homeless folk whose main focus is feeding themselves (level 1) and finding shelter for t he night (level 2) can also be, albeit to a lesser extent, still concerned with social relationships (level 3), how their friends perceive them (level 4), and even the meaning of life (level 5 original model). Like any simple model, Maslows theory not a fully responsive system its a guide which requires some interpretation and thought, given which, it remains extremely useful and applicable for understanding, explaining and handling many human behavior situations. F. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Figure 2. Nutrition is one of the various factors that affect learning ability and skills before and after the child is in school. Learning can be viewed as a multiple input and output process. Hence, the effects of a particular input like nutrition could vary depending on the learning outcomes measured. The framework of this study posits that the academic performance of the pupil may be explained by the feeding technique used during 0-5 months of age. Academic performance is categorized according to the final grade obtained from the school year 2005-2006 as reflected in the pupils report card as outstanding, very satisfactory, satisfactory, moderately satisfactory, and needs improvement. Infant feeding technique includes Breastfeeding, bottle-feeding. and Mixed Feeding. G. SCOPE AND DELIMITATION The study will focus on the following: The type of infant feeding technique practiced by the primary caregiver of the pupil. The difference between infant feeding techniques used by the primary caregiver of the pupil and the latter’s academic performance in the current academic year. Limitation of the Study One limiting factor that was faced by the researchers is their limited knowledge and skills and the resources needed in conducting the study. Since this is the first research conducted by the researchers, guidance, and help from different professionals were solicited on how to go about the entire study. Time has also become a great consideration to conduct the study in a much bigger population. The total population of grade 1 pupil in Columban College is 142 however 105 of the population were surveyed, the remaining 37 pupils were not included because some of them have dropped out earlier in the school year after the 2nd grading period and others were fetched by respondents who did not meet the criteria of being a primary caregiver when the pupils was 0-5 months old set by the researchers. Limitation of the study also includes the 0 to 5 months as the duration of their feeding because, on their 6th months, infants are usually given solid foods as complementary supplements. Delimitation of the Study The subjects had 5 academic subjects. These are Christian Living, English (Reading and Language), Filipino, Mathematics and Makabayan which includes Music, Arts, and P.E. (MAPE) and Sibika. The pupils are taught by 1 teacher each section for the entire school year. The grades in the computation of the final grade of the subjects were only from SY 2005-2006. Factors that may affect the subject’s performance such as environment, study habits, physical, emotional, psychological capabilities, socioeconomic, feeding duration, nutritional factors, the supplementary feeding received by the subject, length of time caring for the pupil, monthly family income, highest educational attainment of the respondent, brand or type of milk used in the feeding technique were considered delimitations of the study. The study is also not concerned with the composition of the different infant feeding technique. H. DEFINITION OF TERMS Infant Feeding Technique – refers to the technique of nourishing or feeding infants from 0 to 5 in months that used either breastfeeding, formula feeding or mixed feeding (combination of breastfeeding and formula feeding). Breastfeeding – refers to the feeding technique where the infant receives breast milk as a source of nourishment during 0-5 months. Formula Feeding – refers to the feeding technique that used formula milk commercially available in the market as a source of nourishment during 0-5 months. May also refer to bottle-feeding. Mixed Feeding – refers to the feeding technique that simultaneously used both breastfeeding and formula feeding as a source of nourishment during 0 to 5 months regardless of time of introduction. Academic Performance – refers to the pupil’s overall class performance for the school year 2005-2006 as reflected by the pupils’ final grade. Performance is categorized as follows: Outstanding- grades range from 94 and above Excellent –grades range from 88–93 Very satisfactory –grades range from 82-87 Satisfactory – grades range from 76-81 Poor – grades range from 70-75 Final grade – the final general average of each pupil determined by dividing the sum of his average rating in each subject by the total number of the subjects. Subjects include Christian Living, English ( reading and language) Filipino, Mathematics, Makabayan ( Music, Arts, Physical Education, And Sibika ). Measurement of achievement include quizzes, recitation, homework, project/themes, Religious involvement for CL and periodic test. Subject- refers to the currently enrolled Grade 1 pupils of Columban College for the school year 2005-2006. Primary Care giver- refers to the person/s who took care of the pupil from 0-5 months. also refers to a respondent. Duration of Feeding – refers to the period of nourishing the pupil during 0-5 months of age using different infant techniques. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Early childhood care for survival, growth, and development comprises the practices of caregivers that day by day, attentively and warmly; translate resources into survival, growth and psychosocial development of infant and children. Under UNICEF’s conceptual framework for infant and child feeding and development, six key care practices are at the center of attention: (1) care for women, (2) breastfeeding and feeding practices, (3) psychosocial care, (4) food preparation, (5) hygiene practice, (6) home health practices. Nutrition is the science or study of the appropriate diet to promote health. Good nutrition from an early age is vital for a child’s proper mental and physical development. It is known that good nutrition and rich experiences affect brain development. 40% of adult mental ability is formed in the first three years of life. (WHO 2002). Nutrition is an important aspect to the cognitive development of children. Nutrition during the early stages of a child’s life can link to performance in later years. Children are very important to our future, therefore, good nutrition is necessary for the development and growth of a child. In Kozier 2004, cognitive development refers to the manner in which people learn to think, reason, and use language. It involves a person’s intelligence, perceptual ability, and ability to process information. Cognitive development represents a progression of mental abilities from illogical to logical thinking, from simple to complex problem solving, and from understanding concrete ideas to understanding abstract concepts. The most widely known cognitive theorist is Jean Piaget. His cognitive development theory is an orderly, sequential process in which a variety of new experiences must exist before intellectual abilities can develop. Piaget’s cognitive development process is divided into five phases: sensorimotor phase (birth to 2 years), pre-conceptual phase (2-4 years), intuitive thought phase (4-7 years), concrete operation phase (7-11 years), and formal operations (11-15). BREASTFEEDING The most common reasons mothers chose breastfeeding includes benefits to the infants health, naturalness, and emotional bonding with the infant (Mc Junkin 2000). It is the position of the American Dietetic Association (ADA) that exclusive breastfeeding provides optimal nutrition and health protection for the first 6 months of life, and breastfeeding with complementary foods for at least 12 months is the ideal feeding pattern for infants. Increasing duration of breastfeeding was accompanied by a gradual increase in cognitive developmental benefit. (Riva,E. 1996) According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, the breastfed infant is the reference against which all alternative feeding methods must be measured with regard to growth, health, development, and other outcomes. Human milk has many beneficial effects on the health of infants (including premature and low-birth-weight infants) and young children. These benefits are magnified with exclusive breastfeeding beyond 6 months of age. Human milk is uniquely superior to all other milk substitutes and is specifically tailored to meet the nutritional needs of the human infant. It has the appropriate balance of nutrients provided in easily digestible and bioavailable forms. The milk changes its composition, from colostrums for the newborn to mature milk for the older infant, to meet the nutrient needs of the growing infant. It provides generous amounts of carbohydrates, essential fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, medium-chain triglycerides, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, and cholester ol. The relatively low protein content presents a relatively modest nitrogen load to the immature kidney. Breastfeeding also has been linked with enhancement of cognitive development, with some studies showing evidence that these cognitive developmental benefits increased with the duration of breastfeeding and extended through the school-age years. According to loopholes, breastfeeding provides with the best possible food is particularly important for brain development. Current research, in food, insists that the brain is as important as weight gain, if not more so. The brain grows extremely rapidly during the 1st month of life. Only breast milk can provide the perfectly adopted food required for such growth. In addition, breast milk protects the infant against infection, not only because of its antibodies and â€Å"antibiotic properties†. (Sara Porter, 1982) Exclusively breastfeeding is the safe, sound and sustainable way to feed an infant for the first six months of life. But breastfeeding is important for more than six months. Experts now agree that breast milk can provide all that a baby normally needs for the first six months and no extra drinks or feeds are needed during this period. Exclusive breastfeeding means that the infant receives only breast milk, from his or her mother or a wet nurse or expressed breast milk and no other foods or drinks. (WHO 2002) Easy to digest and absorb human milk best meets an infant meets. The literature reports that human milk enhances motor and cognitive development and reduces infant morbidity, mortality, and the incidence of chronic diseases. Studies have shown that breastfed children perform better on tests of intellectual development than do formula-fed children and the benefits may extend into adulthood. Although more research is needed, the link between breastfeeding to a long chain fatty acids found in breast milk, which promote nervous system growth, brain development, and visual acuity. (JEANNETTE CRENSHAW2005). Williams and Jellife mentioned in their work that breast milk is the most valuable, the cheapest but the most neglected source of protein in the whole of the art and science of nutrition. Breastfeeding, or lactation, is the ideal method of feeding and nurturing infants. The Bellagio Child Survival Study Group identified breastfeeding in the first year as one of the most important strategies for improving child survival Internationally, the World Health Organization recommends that breastfeeding is continued up to 2 years of age or beyond, with appropriate supplementation of solid foods. Breastfeeding involves primary, and to a lesser extent, secondary prevention of acute and chronic diseases. Human milk is uniquely superior to all other milk substitutes and is specifically tailored to meet the nutritional needs of the human infant. It has the appropriate balance of nutrients provided in easily digestible and bioavailable forms According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, the breastfed infant is the reference against which all alternative feeding methods must be measured with regard to growth, health, development, and other outcomes. WHO mentioned that human milk has many beneficial effects on the health of infants (including premature and low-birth-weight infants) and young children. These benefits are magnified with exclusive breastfeeding and breastfeeding beyond 6 months of age Studies conducted by the Workgroup on breastfeeding science and society stated the benefits of breastfeeding have been criticized for methodological and analytical flaws including lack of control for confounding factors, poorly designed tools, the varying definition of breastfeeding, and researcher bias. However, professional health organizations stand behind their recommendations for promoting breastfeeding as the optimal food for human infants. Formula Feeding/ Bottle Feeding If breastmilk is not available. or you have opted to mix or bottlefeed your baby, one will have to start by selecting a formula. Bottles have the advantage of being familiar, socially acceptable and less time to consume than the other methods. When the mother’s condition is contraindicated to breastfeeding or simply chose not to breastfeed, they opt to commercial formulas. Pilliteri (2004) mentioned that women should use of commercial formulas because they closely mimic human milk. Infant formula remains an infant feeding option. The baby bottle has become a very visible part of Western culture, and increasingly, of other developed and developing nations. This ubiquitous image leads many people to believe that bottles and infant formula are necessary to parenting an infant, regardless of the fact that in most cases they are not. Infant formula is an industrially produced milk product designed for infant consumption. Usually, based on either cow or soy milk, infant formula strives to duplicate the nutrient content of natural human breast milk. Since the exact chemical properties of breast milk are still unknown, formula is necessarily an imperfect approximation. Its use, particularly in the third world, is somewhat contentious. Besides breast milk, infant formula is the only other infant milk which the medical community considers nutritionally acceptable for infants under the age of one year. Cows milk is not recommended because of its high protein and electrolyte (salt) content which may put a strain on an infants immature kidneys. Evaporated milk, although perhaps easier to digest due to the processing of the protein, is still nutritionally inadequate.(Wikipedia) Although infant formula cannot replicate all the qualities of breast-milk, it is the only safe alternative. If infant formula is not available, mothers may have to use inappropriate and potentially dangerous foods, such as gruel, or unmodified animal milk, to feed their babies. In contrast, infant formula products are manufactured using strict rules of hygiene and formulated according to recognized, international standards based on expert medical and nutritional opinion. (babymilk.com) To be fair, formula companies have produced milk for babies which, at least on paper, seem to resemble the real thing. The formula is definitely better than it used to be. But on close inspection, what the factories make doesnt quite measure up to what mom makes. It is nearly impossible for artificial baby milk manufacturers to make milk with nutrients even close to what mothers bodies can make. And these companies primary goal is to make a profit, so marketing and manufacturing issues influence what finally gets into the can. One of our concerns is that even though formula-fed infants appear to grow normally, are they really thriving? Thriving means more than just getting bigger. It means developing to the childs fullest physical, emotional, and intellectual potential. We just dont know about all the long-term effects of tampering with Mother Nature – though we do know that there are significant health differences between formula-fed and breastfed infants. Formulas are nothing more than a collection of dead nutrients. They do not contain living white cells, digestive enzymes, or immune factors. In terms of human history, they are a new experiment. MIXED FEEDING When an infant is partly breastfed and in part artificially, it can be said that he is mixed fed. This type of feeding is used as an alternative to mothers who could not exclusively breastfeed their infants. Part of the infant feeding comes from commercial formula milk. You can choose to continue giving your baby exclusively breast milk or introduce formula milk. If you want to mix breast and bottle, but do not want to use formula milk, you can express some of your own milk, which can then be given to your baby in a bottle by the father, another member of the family or a childminder. In this way, you will still ensure that your baby is only receiving breast milk. Or you may decide to feed your baby yourself when you are there and get his or her care to give him formula when you are away. The general advice is to not offer a breastfed baby a bottle before four weeks of age. This may lead to nipple confusion, which can quickly lead to the end of breastfeeding. During the first three to four weeks your baby will be learning and perfecting breastfeeding skills. Whilst introducing the bottle at one or two weeks of age may ensure that baby accepts the bottle later, you are taking a risk. Some babies easily go back and forth between breast and bottle, but many others do not. Getting a baby to accept a bottle at age two or three months may take some patience, but most babies will catch on after a few tries. Feeding on a bottle uses a different technique to feeding on the breast, and you may find that your baby takes a little time to get used to it. In fact, some babies seem to be determined that they will never get used to it, and moving to mixed feeding can become distressed and worrying event. A child’s intellectual development, which is to a degree nutritionally determined, is believed to be manifest eventually in his productivity and wages, primarily through mental development and school achievement (Selowsky, 1976, Taylor and Selowsky, 1973; Groosman and Edwards, 1977.) The examination has always been considered as an extremely important part of the educative process. It has been considered the examination trends to developmental powers which are use in everyday life. Academic performance aim to measure the pupils’ achievement as a result of instruction in a given subject. It shares the limitations with respect to outcomes that can not be measured like interest, appreciation, ability to think critically. FOREIGN STUDIES Researchers refer to a brain-growth spurt in infants when brain growth and development occurs most rapidly. The book Scientific Foundations of Pediatrics notes that the brain-growth spurt occurs after birth, and the function of neural tissues depends on the effective connections established between neurons and the structural integrity of each neuron. It adds that this period commences during the third trimester of pregnancy and lasts until about the child is 30 months of age. It is also during this time when nutritional deficiencies may threaten brain development that may, later on, show up as intellectual and cognitive impairment. In a study of 1,025 schoolchildren, Horwood and colleagues reported that breastfed children had LCPUFA’s in their diet (courtesy of breast milk) and had higher mean score on tests of cognitive ability, performed better on standardized tests of reading and math, and had higher levels of achievement in examinations as opposed to children who were weaned on diets lacking LCPUFA’s. Horwood also suggested that it was likely the increases reflected the effects of LCPUFA’s particularly DHA on early neurodevelopment. DHA is also important in visual development as it serves as a structural component of ocular neural tissues aside from being essential in myelination as it serves as an essential element in the myelin sheath. Rodgers B., et. al., also conducted a study on breastfeeding on 1978 entitled â€Å"Feeding in Infancy and Later Ability and Attainment’. Result of the study showed that these who were breastfed had higher levels of mental capacity than those bottle-fed with breast milk substitute. That said study involved over a thousand breastfed and over a thousand bottlefed whom were followed up until the age of 8 years. In Chicago, breastfed babies may grow up to be smarter adults, according to research that bolster the evidence linking nursing and intelligence. Most previous studies did measure breastfeeding’s effects on IQ into adulthood, and the few that did so ignored factors such as parents education and social status, said the researches, who took such as variables into account. In their study of 3,258 Danish men and women, the more babies were breastfed through nine months of age, the higher they scored on intelligence tests in their late teens and 20’s. Breastfeeding past nine months had no additional effect scores. The link can probably be explained by the effect of nutrients in mothers milk on the developing brain and benefits from physical and physiological relationship breastfeeding involves, researchers said mothers who takes time to breastfeed may spend more time interacting with youngster throughout childhood, which also could affect intelligence, the researchers added. In the study, mothers had been questioned about their breastfeeding practices when their youngsters were a year old. Those who had been breastfed for seven to nine months scored an average of about six points higher on IQ tests that those whose mothers said they nursed for less than one month. The gap â€Å"is not the difference between an Einstein and a mentally retarded child†, said study director June Manhover Reinisch. But she said it could be the difference â€Å"between normal and bright normal, or bright-normal and superior†. (TannerLindsey, 2002) It was also stressed in the research that the doctors who conducted the study believed that something intrinsic to breast milk faccounts for the IQ differences of the breastfed and bottle-fed babies. In all the IQ list which include verbal state, performance scale, and over all IQ, an 8.3 point advantages was seen among breastfed babies. According to an article written by Dr. Alicia Dermer and Dr. Anne Montgomery entitled â€Å"Breastfeeding: Good for Babies, Mothers and the Planet†, more and more research shows that breastfeeding leads to optimal brain development. They featured a study wherein the subjects were premature tubic-fed babies. Results showed that babies who received no breast milk had IQ eight points lower on average than the babies who received breast milk. This may be due to the special ingredients of breastmilk which are DHA (docosohexaenic acid) and AA (arachidonic acid) which contribute to brain and retinal development. Another study which was featured in Pediatrics Vol. 101 no 1 dated Jan. 1998 suggested that breast milk makes kids brighter. The study entitled â€Å"Breastfeeding and Later Cognitive and Academic Outcomes† by Prof. David M. Fergusson and L. John Horwood of Christ Church School of Medicine, New Zealand revealed that in an 18 year longitudinal study of over 1.000 children, those who were breast fed as infants had both better intelligence and greater academic achievement than those who were infant formula fed children. Breastfeeding also has been linked with enhancement of cognitive development, with some studies showing evidence that these cognitive developmental benefits increased with the duration of breastfeeding and extended through the school-age years ( Horwood LJ, Fergusson DM. Breastfeeding and later cognitive and academic outcomes. Pediatrics. 1998;101:E9. LOCAL STUDIES According to Corazon M. Cerdaà ±a (2000) at the start of the new milleneum, Year 2001, the Food and Nutrition Research and Institute (FNRI), Department Science conducted the latest update on the nutritional status of Filipino children and technology (DOST) in pursuit of the Institute’s mandates of monitoring the nutritional status of the Filipino citizenry. The nationwide survey covered the total of 12,425 children aged 0-10 years, comprised of 10,634 preschool-age children (0-5 years) and 1,791 school-age children (6-10 years). A two-stage sampling design with the barangays and the children as the primary and secondary sampling units, respectively, was employed. Weight and height/recumbent length measurements were taken from the subjects using standard techniques and compared with the WHO/NCHS international standards to asses nutritional status. Findings of the survey revealed that among the preschool-age children, underweight prevalence was 30.6%, underweight were 31.4%, and prevalence of thinness was 6.3%. Among the school-age children, a higher proportion of 32.9%, 41.1%, 6.5%, prevalence of underweight, underweight, thinness, respectively were shown. Compared with the survey done in 1998, prevalence of underweight and under height among 0-5 year old children generally decreased but thinness and overweight prevalence increased. However, among the 6-10 year-old children, there was a general increase in the prevalence rates of underweight, under height and overweight. Disaggregating by single age, the highest prevalence rate of all forms of malnutrition remained among the younger group of 1-2 year-old preschoolers. The prevalence of malnutrition between the preschool-age boys and girls did not differ much. However, among the school-age children, the boys were more at risk at all the three forms of malnutrition than the girl s. Considering the prevalence of malnutrition by region, Bicol region appeared to be the worst of in the underweight prevalence, in the ARMM for under height, in the Cagayan Valley for thinness. Cecilia A. Florencio’s (2001) study was concerned with the determinants of school-related behavior, in particular in the relationship between health and nutritional status and academic performance. The objective of the study relate to (1) nature, magnitude and distribution of health and nutritional problems of school children; (2) relationship between nutritional status and academic performance; (3) and effects on academic achievement of non-nutritional variables, specifically those recommended in the 1976 project SOUTEL Report. Some 2,304 pupils who were randomly selected from 64 schools in Region I, IV and National Capital Region in Luzon, Region VII in the Visayas and Region XII in Mindanao participated in the study. The others respondents were the pupil’s parents, teachers and school heads. Nutritional assessment was made using anthropometric, biochemical and clinical methods. The children’s mental ability and academic performance were gauged using local stan dardized tests recommended by the DECS. In general, the academic performance of the pupils was far from satisfactory, which mean test scores in various subjects not exceeding 50% of the total number of test items. Those in the lower grades did better than those in the upper grades. The significant positive relationship between the nutritional status in academic achievement remained even when relevant pupil factors, such as mental ability, visual ability, study habits and pre-school education were held constant. Moreover, even after taking into account the influence of a full set of relevant pupil, teacher, school and family related factors, the observed relationship between the two variables still surfaced. The superiority of breast milk over the commercially available infant milk preparations has been proven in many local as well as foreign literatures. These studies have shown that breastfed children more nourishes that bottle-fed Dr. Fe del Mundo in 1974 had shown s decline among Filipino infants of whom only 23% were breastfed, 60% were bottle-fed and 17% mixed fed in contrast to the study of Bulatao-jaime in 1965 where 62.1% of babies in Metro Manila were breastfed. Valdecanas, et al in 1981 cited the lack of determination to breastfed as the limiting condition that pushes potentially lactators to bottle-feed. (The Filipino Family Physician 1985) SYNTHESIS Family is the smallest unit of the society. The basic of its kind is composed of the mother, the father, and the child who is considered to be the treasure of the family. From conception to birth, everything is well provided in bringing up a good and bright child. Any infant arrival in the family is the most memorable and blissful moment a parent could ever experience. No amount of any tangible things can compare with the joy of having a child. It is within the family that determines how a child would be when he becomes an adult. Through the parents influence in particular with the mother, she delivers the most significant impact on the child’s nutrition, attitude, physical and mental growth. The brain develops through out infancy and childhood and gives rise to cognitive abilities that are multi dimensional and hierarchical. Abilities such as attention capacities and sped of processing appears to underlie other abilities such as learning, memory and executive function. Many of these abilities form what is known as intelligence and can be manifest in readily observable outcomes such as academic achievements. There are many test that adequately assess disabilities and of these the test reviewed in these paper are pertinent test of the cognitive abilities that develop during childhood, show variability in performance without ceiling or floor effects in normal population, withstand repeated administration overtime, maybe sensitive to detect nutritional effects, require few cross cultural modification and are attracted to children. With these concept the present study was carried out to determine how infant feeding affects the child’s mental ability and physical growth. Chapter III METHODOLOGY Research Method This chapter contains the Population and Sampling, Research Instruments, Research Locale, Validation of the Instrument, Data Gathering and Procedure, and, Statistical Treatment of Data. Retrospective and Comparative research design was utilized in this study. Population and Sampling 142 currently enrolled Grade 1 pupils in Columban College for the school year 2005-2006 , 105 pupils were utilized in this study. After verifying from the school registrar, the school principal provided the list of the total number of Grade 1 students for the year 2005-2006. The researcher used the simple random sampling to determine the respondents for the study. Research Instrument The study conducted in Columban College, Olongapo City. Demographic data on the name, relationship of the respondent to the subject, and the duration in caring for the pupil were gathered from the respondents. And the demographic data on the gender of the subjects were also recorded to serve as profile. The academic performance of Grade 1 pupils was based and evaluated from their final grade. The list of students was provided by the school principal. It is arranged alphabetically and separated according to sections. Other information pertaining to the type of feeding technique used was obtained through questionnaires provided by the researchers and was answered by the respondents. Research Locale The researchers conducted this study at Columban College, Olongapo City. Columban College which was under the management of the Columban Fathers and Sisters started to serve the people of the Olongapo City on the school year 1961-1962. Knowing the Catholic education was one of the primary needs of the community and that the elementary school is the base upon which all education rests, the elementary department was opened. But because the college was under staff and still in its budding period, the elementary department on school year 1961 to 1963, was under the supervision of its sister institution the St. Joseph School. In the opening of the school year 1963-64, with Sis. Mary Mechtilde, and six faculty members to start with, the elementary department separated from St Joseph School. It had then the population of 557 pupils of which 66 pupils graduated from kindergarten and 38 in grade six. Teachers hold classes in Quonset houses while a 2 storey edifice was being built. On the later part of 1966, a 4 storey building with 28 rooms was built and by 1967 the first three rooms of each storey were utilized.By the end of the school year the 4 storey edifice was completed and was utilized for classrooms on the beginning of school year 1969-70 In 1987, the administration of the college was handed by Bishop Henry Byrne, D.D. to the Vincentian Fathers headed by Rev. Fr. Constancio Gan, C.M. as Director and Rev. Fr. Justo Moro, C.M. as Treasurer. Within a short span of time, the new administrators made several substantial improvements on the physical set-up in the main campus and started new constructions of buildings in Barretto which branched out the elementary school department. Behind this progress was the adaption of new policies and guidelines while struggling to keep the whole college financially afloat in the midst of prevailing economic crisis. Columban College is committed to sound, complete and Christian education. Its goal is the integral formation of a human formation with a profound faith in God., his fellowman and himself, who can develop harmoniously his physical, moral and intellectual talents, acquire a more perfect sense of responsibility and a correct use of freedom, and be educated for active participation in social life as stated in the Mission Statement for all Catholic Schools in the Diocese of Iba. Validation of Instrument The validation of instrument was done in this study. The researchers approached 3 persons in the field of education, medicine and psychology that signed and validated the research instrument. Upon hearing the reasons and purpose of this study, their signature was obtained. Data Gathering and Procedure A written letter prepared by the researchers and signed by the research adviser and college Dean was secured first. The steps that are followed to collects data include the submission of letter to the Principal of Columban College seeking permission to conduct the study. Upon approval from the principal the letter was presented and the purpose of the questionnaire was explained to the grade 1 class advisers and to the respondents. The researchers distributed the questionnaires to the respondents. The questionnaires answered by the respondents were collected by the researchers. STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA Statistics are used to analyzed and evaluate gathered data. The following statistical instruments were applied to get the desired analysis PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION This is a section where in tallied frequency will be changed into a percentage value. A percentage distribution is used to combine the result of certain groups of unequal size or proportion. The formula is as follows: Percentage % = # of respondents per category Total # of respondents CHAPTER IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA The chapter presents the data gathered by the researcher in accordance with the specific problems posed in the study. It discusses the result of each statistical treatment applied in the analysis and interpretation of data gathered. This chapter is divided into three parts, namely: Part I, Demographic Profile of the subjects, Part II, Different Infant Feeding Techniques used, Part III, the result of the test on the comparison between the different infant feeding techniques. PART I Demographic Profile of Grade 1 pupils in Columban College During the school year 2005- 2006. The population group of the study was composed of 73 percent of Grade 1 pupils from Columban College Table 1. Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Grade 1 pupils of Columban College according to gender. Gender Frequency (f) Percentage (%) Male 50 48% Female 55 52% Total 105 100% Figure 3 Graphical Representations of Grade 1 pupils of Columban College according to gender. Interpretation: Table 1 and figure 3 show the frequency and percentage distribution of the sample according to gender. Males account for 50 which is 48 % while females account for 55 which is 52 %. Analysis: Majority of the subjects were female. Part II Different Infant Feeding Techniques used Table 2 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Different Infant Feeding Techniques Used Infant Feeding Techniques Frequency (f) Percentage (%) Breastfeeding 34 32.38 % Bottle Feeding 35 33.33 % Mixed Feeding 36 34.29 % Total 105 100 % Figure 4 Graphical Representation of the Different Infant Feeding Techniques Used Interpretation: The above table 2 and figure 4 shows that mixed feeding rank first among the feeding technique practice by primary caregivers with a total number of 36 (34.29%), followed by bottle feeding with a total number of 35 (33.33%), and ranked third is breastfeeding with a total number of 34 (32.38%). Analysis: Due to the busy schedule of mothers nowadays, helping their husband earn and income or taking care of their other children and sometimes doing the household chores, mothers tend to cut short breastfeeding their infants and resort in the next best alternative source of infant nutrition which is formula milk. By doing so the infant will have two source of nutrition which is a combination of breastfeeding and bottle feeding. CHAPTER V SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION This chapter presents the result of the study. Presented are the conclusions drawn in the light of the findings of the study, as well as, the recommendation. A. Summary of Findings The study aims to assess the different infant feeding techniques in comparison to the academic performance of Grade 1 pupils in Columban College during the school year 2005 -2006. Specifically it sought to answer the following questions: 1. What is the profile of Grade 1 pupils of Columban College according to gender? 2. What is the type of infant feeding techniques practiced by the primary caregiver of the pupil? 3. What is the difference among the different infant feeding techniques used by the primary caregiver of the pupil and the latter’s academic performance in the current academic year? This comparative study uses retrospective and a survey questionnaire approach personally conducted by the primary caregiver on a one on one basis.The study involved 105 grade 1 pupils enrolled in Columban College during the school year 2005-2006 which is 74% of the total grade 1 population which is 105. The Kruskal-Wallis was employed to prove or disapprove the hypothesis: There is no significant difference between the different infant feeding technique and the academic performance of Grade 1 pupils of Columban College. Findings The following are the findings of the study, the majority of the subjects were: a) According to Gender Female = 52% b) Infant feeding used Mixed Feeding = 34.29% B. Conclusion Based on the data gathered, the study disclosed the following conclusions: 1) The study revealed that majority or 52% of 105 Grade 1 pupils in Columban College during the school year 2005-2006 are female. 2) The majority or 34.29% of the primary caregiver of Grade 1 pupils in Columban College during the school year 2005-2006 used mixed feeding technique. 3) The result of the test on the difference between the infant feeding techniques and academic performance revealed that the feeding techniques did not significantly affect the academic performance of Grade 1 pupils of Columban College. C. Recommendation Based on the findings and conclusions drawn, the following recommendations are forwarded: 1. Future Researchers, Professionals, and Health Care Groups who would like to continue and adopt this study should conduct it in a bigger population and to add the different variables that could affect the academic performance of the pupils. 2. If a bigger population would be adopted, a longer time frame to conduct similar study is needed. 3. Parents and Teachers must coordinate with each other to help and improve the child’s academic capacity. 4. Although â€Å"breast milk† is still the best for babies, future parents are given the option to make wise decisions regarding what is the best source of infant nutrition for their children that would currently fit their economic status, and lifestyle. BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS Del Mundo , Fe. (1985). Manual on Infant Nutrition with Emphasis and Breasfeeding for Philippines Medical Colleges. Philippines; Nutrition Center of the Philippines Kozier, Barbara.(2004). Fundamentals of Nursing. 7th edition: Pearson Education South Asia PTE LTD. Lazaro, Cynthia, M.D.(1985). The evidence of breastfeeding and brain development: The Filipino Family Physician, Rodgers, B. (1996). Nutrition throughout the Life Cycle. 3rd edition. U.S.A.: Mosby Year Book, Inc. Journals Pediatrics Breast milk makes kids brighter, study suggests. New Zealand: January 1998 Florencio, Cecilia A. Child, School, Home: â€Å"Determinants of Academic Performance.† Edukasyon A Quarterly Monograph Series of the UP Education Reach Program (ERP), Vol.1 No.2. April-June 1995 Mercado, Belinda, The Relationship Between Selected and Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors to the Academic Performance and Scholastic Ability of Grades IV and V Pupil AUF, S.Y. 1991-1992., Philippines:1992. Bellagio Child Survival Study Group. Child Survival V: Knowledge into action for child survival. Lancet. 2003;362:323-327. World Health Organization. Community-based strategies for breastfeeding promotion and support in developing countries, Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2003. Workgroup on Breastfeeding Science and Society. Breastfeeding: Science and Society, Vatican City, Italy: Pontificia Acemica Sientiarum; 1996. World Health Organization, United Nations Childrens Fund. Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding, Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2003. American Academy of Pediatrics. Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Pediatrics. 1997;100:1035-1039. Website babymilk.com/infants/feeding_options http:/www.askbaby.com/topic/mixed-feeding.html wikepedia.com Research Papers on Breastfeeding Standardized TestingEnzymes Proteins Amino AcidsChildhood Obesity EssayWho has Impacted Your Life the Most EssayYear Round SchoolingThe Broken FamilyPlastic Surgery EssayBooker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells-Barnett